Rights of Workers and Employees

Rights Of Employees And Workers

The UAE is firmly committed to fulfilling its obligations towards all employees and workers within its diverse workforce. This is strongly reflected in its national legislations from the constitution to the labour law. It is further reiterated through its membership in the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the Arab Labour Organisation, and other multilateral organisations focused on workers’ rights and labour standards.

The UAE recognises that respect for workers’ rights is a moral, cultural and economic imperative, and has taken proactive and resolute steps to implement laws, regulations and policies that enhance working conditions for its labour force and address any gaps.

As a result of these efforts, the UAE was acknowledged in February 2023 by Gilbert F. Houngbo, Director General of the ILO, for its progress on workers’ rights. Houngbo stated: “We do believe that the country is making efforts, and when efforts are made, we need to encourage and recognise. I’m pleased to see such efforts going on and also pleased to see the ambition the UAE has in continuing to reform the labour market”.

Legislative framework

Comprehensive legislative protections, as well as enforcement, monitoring and reporting mechanisms, are implemented to ensure workers are treated with respect and without discrimination. Measures also empower workers to report disputes and incidents of abuse confidentially.

In November 2021, the late President HH Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan issued Federal Decree - Law No. 33, which governs employment relations in the private sector, granting workers the opportunity to take on temporary and flexible work, freelance jobs, condensed working hours.

The law also explicitly prohibits forced labour, bans employers from withholding employees’ documents, and forbids sexual harassment and any form of physical, verbal, and/or psychological abuse of employees.

The UAE is a signatory of nine International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions, including six of the 1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work.

Committed to driving further progress on workers’ rights, the UAE adopted the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM) and is working to implement all 23 of its objectives. These include upholding labour recruitment procedures that are in line with international standards; informing workers of their rights and duties before they leave their home countries; and ensuring safe and dignified working conditions.

Private Sector

The UAE has established a labour complaint service using an integrated smart system to ensure the implementation of labour law in the private sector. Plaintiffs can register complaints online, eliminating the need for physical visits, reaching workers in all geographical areas. Complaint data is appraised by the Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation’s Intelligent Legal Researcher system, and cases may proceed to one of three UAE litigation courts if unable to reach amicable settlements.

private sector
الخدمات الرقمية

Digitised Services

The Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation has digitised most of its services, making them accessible through mobile apps, websites, and service centres. The dashboard for employers provides information on facilities, domestic helpers, statistics, reports, employee data, and wage protection. Transactions can be signed and finalised through the app, enabling workers and employers to complete their transactions from anywhere within the UAE. The app also allows employers to view wage protection data for each month, including payment details.

Tadbeer Application for Domestic Workers: The TAD-BEER app is a digital platform designed to streamline the process of obtaining work permits, hiring, and renewing employment contracts for domestic workers. The app also allows the Ministry to monitor employment practices and ensure compliance with regulations. Domestic workers can access information about their rights and obligations under the Domestic Workers Law through this platform. WhatsApp Service: MOHRE has introduced a new communication channel through WhatsApp in both Arabic and English, providing a flexible and accessible way for both employers and workers to interact with the Ministry. This service allows users to inquire about requests, follow up on labor complaints, or receive awareness services regarding labor rights, operating around the clock. Free Legal Consultation Number: The Ministry offers a free legal consultation service via the number 80084, available in 22 languages, including Hindi, Persian, Malayalam, Nepali, Tamil, Punjabi, Somali, Bengali, Turkish, Ethiopian, Chinese, Russian, French, Swahili, Balochi, Pashto, Filipino, Syriac, and Telugu. This service aims to provide legal advice to potential victims of forced labor and help them understand their rights. Call Center: MOHRE’s call center (600890000) operates 24/7, offering assistance in 19 languages understood by workers. It serves as a point of contact for inquiries or complaints from both workers and employers, providing support and guidance as needed.

Commitment to occupational health and safety

The UAE prioritises the health and safety of workers through a robust and comprehensive strategy, guided by international standards, incorporating ongoing technological advancements to mitigate human error, and the provision of necessary training of labour inspectors to safeguard workers in the workplace.

Employers in the UAE are also obligated to provide health insurance for all employees, ensure safe working conditions, and provide the necessary equipment to prevent any physical injury or potential harm to employees.

The UAE is committed to protecting workers from heat stress, a significant health and safety risk in outdoor work environments. In 2005, the UAE became the first country in the region to implement a ban on working in open areas in noon time during the months of July through September. This period coincides with unprecedented global temperature rises. This initiative reflects the UAE's dedication to providing a suitable and decent work environment, developing and enacting legislation that safeguards workers’ rights, maintaining a balanced relationship with employers, and preserving their interests. Furthermore, it highlights the UAE's focus on implementing humanitarian initiatives that align with and reflect the core values of the community.

Commitment to occupational health and safety
Milestone achievements

Milestone achievements

Paid leave: UAE laws mandate paid leave, rest days, medical insurance, accommodation, transportation, meals, and access to free of charge legal support. Mandatory Unemployment Insurance Scheme: Since January 2023, the UAE has implemented a mandatory unemployment insurance scheme, whereby eligible employees are offered up to three months’ cash compensation. The scheme is part of the UAE's efforts to attract and retain employees, while reducing business risks so that employees who lose their jobs receive financial aid and search for an alternative employment opportunity. Wage Protection System: To fully protect the wages of more than 5 million UAE workers, the Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation launched the second phase of its wage protection system – the first of its kind to ensure that overtime hours and vacation days are calculated in wage agreements throughout the year. The Optional Savings Scheme as an Alternative to End-of-Service Benefits: It is an optional scheme through which the amounts allocated for the end-of-service benefits of employees working in private sector companies are invested in leading investment funds approved by the Securities and Commodities Authority. This Scheme aims to grow the employees' savings to benefit from its investment returns. The Smart Inspection System: In 2016, the Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation launched a smart inspection system that classifies establishments registered with the Ministry based on a risk matrix. This system then determines the priority for conducting inspection visits. Insurance of workers’ rights and entitlements or bank guarantee for each worker: An innovative insurance program in partnership with the private sector, whereby the employer undertakes to purchase an insurance policy for each worker, ensuring that the worker receives his entitlements in the event that the company defaults or fails to deliver these entitlements to the worker. The insurance policy extends for a period of 30 months, and its value is AED 137.50 for each skilled worker, and AED 180 for each partially skilled worker;

To view the latest statistics and data related to labor market initiatives, you can browse the "Labor Market Observatory" which includes the most important competitive indicators.

Expatriate workers

The UAE is a major destination for expatriates and is home to the world’s fifth largest population of overseas workers.

Expatriate workers in the UAE play a crucial role in both the UAE’s economy and their countries of origin. This impact is primarily due to the remittance system, which empowers families and communities around the world. According to the World Bank, the UAE was ranked as the second-largest source of remittances worldwide in 2020, with UAE-based migrants sending a total of £35.37 billion.

Workers from across the world are drawn to the UAE, in part because the country offers safe, orderly, and regular migration pathways, which they often cannot find elsewhere.

Integrated Ecosystem for Resolving Labor Disputes and Processing Labor Dues: To streamline procedures, save time and effort for clients, and expedite the receipt of rightful legal dues, the Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation has implemented a system to resolve disputes involving employment relationships in private sector establishments, domestic workers, and recruitment offices. This system applies to claims involving amounts of AED 50,000 or less, with enforceable final decisions. It also covers disputes related to non-compliance with previous amicable settlement decisions issued by the Ministry, regardless of the claim amount.

Expatriate workers
Temporary Migrant workers

Temporary Migrant workers

Recognising the importance of protecting vulnerable groups, such as temporary migrant workers, the UAE has also introduced a number of safeguarding measures to protect the rights of overseas workers.

The UAE strictly prohibits charging workers or potential employees any recruitment fees, and robust measures are in place to protect against the confiscation of workers’ passports. Workers are educated on their rights, employee obligations, and ways to report abuse through workshops held at official Tadbeer verified and Tawjeeh centres. Workers are also offered the ability to report unpaid wages with assistance in 13 different languages. The UAE regularly and consistently conducts inspections of worker accommodations and is able to suspend business licenses or refer companies to the public prosecutor in cases of violations.

Domestic workers

The UAE recognises the importance of protecting the rights of domestic workers. UAE Federal Law No. 9 of 2022 stipulates stringent provisions for recruitment agencies and employers, clearly outlining their obligations to prevent exploitation of domestic workers.

Specifically, the UAE protects domestic workers against financial exploitation, abuse, harassment and forced labour, and ensures that their rights are upheld before the law. Employers are legally required to communicate the contract terms, the nature of the job, the workplace, the wage, and daily and weekly time off to the domestic worker they are seeking to employ. The law requires that this information be relayed to the worker before they are recruited and before leaving their home country.

In addition to the general protection enjoyed by everyone in the UAE, the law provides an additional set of rights for domestic workers. Domestic workers have the right to at least 12 hours of daily rest, the right to be paid the costs of their medical treatment, and the right to receive the value of a return ticket to their home country once every two years.

The law also stipulates that the employer provide domestic helpers with appropriate accommodation and proper meals, and prohibits the employer from retaining workers’ identification documents, such as passports, identity cards, etc.

Domestic workers are required to fulfil the mandatory orientation requirement prior to resuming their duties, assuring their knowledge of the laws and empowering them with the mechanisms in place to access justice in cases of dispute and guarantee their entitlements through the dispute resolution mechanisms applied by the Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation.

Domestic workers